Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness - 988 Words

Written in the late 1890’s, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness holds two different meanings. Heart of Darkness is both a metaphor for a psychological side of man, and an allusion to Africa. The title suggests both a physical and mental reference. During the time the novel takes place, Africa was called the dark continent. This was because little was known about Africa, and it was rather a mystery to Europeans. The main character in the novel, Marlow describes Africa as â€Å"a place of darkness† (Conrad 43). He also compares the Congo river to a snake: its head in the sea, its body curving over a country, and its tail in the deep of the land. Marlow speaks of it with this meaning, saying the place â€Å"had become a place of darkness.† The beginning of Marlow’s journey on the French steamer starts his descent into proverbial darkness. The native ‘‘savages’’ are only another mystery Africa holds for Europeans to discover. Savages is the all-encompassing term the whites use to refer to all natives, despite any differing origins. The savages in this novel ranged from the workers dying of starvation and disease at the Outer Station to the cannibals who work on Marlow s boat to the tribe of natives who worship Kurtz as a god. The dense jungle that covers the land in darkness is another literal reference to the darkness alluded to in the title. Marlow describes the travel on the â€Å"edge of a colossal jungle, so dark as to be almost black. Marlow then compares traveling farther into theShow MoreRelatedJoseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness957 Words   |  4 Pages Chinua Achebe’s controversial essay published in 1977 focuses on the racist views woven into Joseph Conrad’s 1899 novella, Heart of Darkness. Achebe claims that Conrad uses many western stereotypes of Africa and subtly weaves them below the surface of his writing. However, due to the popularity of the novella and the skill of Conrad, his racist views go undetected. The most obvious indicator of Conrad’s racist views is the depictions of the people. They are described as â€Å"savage creatures,† yet Conrad’sRead MoreJoseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1488 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Conrad’s s novel Heart of Darkness portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman. Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as â€Å"so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness†, (Conrad 154) as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life. Conrad lived th rough a time when European colonies were scattered all over the world. This phenomenon and the doctrine of colonialism bought into at hisRead MoreJoseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness925 Words   |  4 PagesIn the heart of darkness sails a ship with sailors, seamen, businessmen, and cannibals; savages as one would say. The businessmen conduct the seamen, the seamen order the sailors, and the sailors command the cannibals. On this diminutive yawl sailing deeper and deeper into the hazy, enigmatic heart of darkness lies a small caste system, with the managers above and the savages below. The story of Charlie Marlow on this ship is unveiled in Joseph Conrad s novella, Heart of Darkness, along with inklingsRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1396 Words   |  6 PagesShelly Pyakurel Ellen Stockstill English 4 DC 27 April 2015 Research Paper Heart of Darkness is a novel by Joseph Conrad that centers on Marlow, a man who goes to the Congo for a job opportunity. He meets a man named Kurtz, who is well known by many. Once he gets to the Congo, he sees colonialism first-hand. He sees that the natives of the country were practically enslaved and forced to work under very harsh conditions. The two major characters of the novel are Marlow and Kurtz. There are many minorRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1504 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol over others and can be found in both people and objects. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness the main character and narrator Marlow identifies a force within ivory that conveys a sense power within the enigmatic Mr. Kurtz. The African ivory trade was flourishing in the early 1900’s. Obtaining the precious object transformed some into greedy connoisseurs with endless intentions to get their hands on all of the continents ivory. Conrad shows that the power that i s emitted from the ivory falls intoRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness963 Words   |  4 Pagespeople. Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, can be criticised through many different lenses. Though Natives are a large part of Conrad’s narrative of European atrocities in the Congo, his treatment of Congolese Natives throughout the book show them to be nothing more than props. Conrad skews Natives language, culture and intelligence to fit Europeans schema for Africa and Africans. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is placed in a colonized Congo. ...despite Heart of Darkness s (Joseph Conrad) obviousRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1555 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the author Joseph Conrad never met the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who died more than a century before Conrad’s birth, their distinct philosophies still have numerous points of intersection, suggesting some fundamental truths within the structure of the human reality. Through the novella, Heart of Darkness, Conrad details his perspectives on the faults of man and reality as a whole, with views often coinciding with many of Leibniz’s own, as found in his numerous philosophicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1080 Words   |  5 Pages1 Kathrine Carrasquillo Dr. David Mulry Engl 2112 Feb 13, 2017 Who is Mr. Kurtz, and what does Conrad use him for? Mr. Kurtz is the main character in Joseph Conrad s English novella, Heart of Darkness. There is no proof that Mr. Kurtz is based on a real person, so it is assumed that he is a made up character. When Mr. Kurtz is first introduced the audience learns that he is a Belgian ivory trader and he was sent to Africa by his employer for work. At first glance, Mr. Kurtz just represents a normalRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness 1801 Words   |  8 PagesAlly Jones Professor Smith English 1302 November 18, 2014 Female Roles in Joseph Conrad s the Heart of Darkness: In regards to Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, many literature reviews focus on the motifs of Imperialism, the symbolism of darkness and fog, or the aspect of racism in Conrad’s work. During the era which Conrad wrote, England was going through the Victorian Era, which was marked by a shift in views on morality. The term â€Å"Victorian morality† is used today to describe values whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness 1713 Words   |  7 PagesMonth: January 2014 Name: Faris Khan Period: 3 Title: Heart of Darkness Author: Joseph Conrad Date started/date completed: 1/19 - 1/28 Pages read: 96/96 (Including the ten page introduction, 106/96) Rating of book (1-10): 9/10 Above you rated this book. Explain in detail why you gave this book that score: Author Joseph Conrad uses a very interesting method of narration in his novel, Heart of Darkness. The novel itself is written in first person, from the perspective of an unnamed sailor aboard

Prison System - 1495 Words

Prison inmates, are some of the most maladjusted people in society. Most of the inmates have had too little discipline or too much, come from broken homes, and have no self-esteem. They are very insecure and are at war with themselves as well as with society (Szumski 20). Most inmates did not learn moral values or learn to follow everyday norms. Also, when most lawbreakers are labeled criminals they enter the phase of secondary deviance. They will admit they are criminals or believe it when they enter the phase of secondary deviance (Doob 171). Next, some believe that if we want to rehabilitate criminals we must do more than just send them to prison. For instance, we could give them a chance to acquire job skills; which will improve†¦show more content†¦However, it is said that group counseling can do little to destroy the power of labeling (Bennett 26). The differential-association theory emphasizes that a person is more likely to become a criminal if the people who have the greatest influence upon them are criminals (Doob 169). Most of todays correctional institutions lack the ability and programs to rehabilitate the criminals of America. One can predict that a prisoner held for two, four, eight or ten years, then released , still with no educationling, there is disadvantages. For instance, members of the group might not be as open or show emotion because they want to appear tough. Also the members might not express their opinions openly because the others might see it as snitching. For the group to work it takes a dedicated counselor (Bennett 22-23). Another type of correctional center used for rehabilitation is halfway houses. Halfway houses are usually located in residential communities and are aimed to keep offenders in the community. The name comes from the fact that they are halfway between the community and the prison (Fox 60). The rationale behind halfway houses is that criminal activity originates in the community, so the community has a responsibility to try to correct it. Also, sending a person who has deviant behavior and who has been associated with criminal influences, to prison would just make the problem worse (Fox 61). The best place for treatment is in the community; thisShow MoreRelatedThe Prison System And The Prisons System Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesrealize how much prison affects someone. In the US the prison system is completely different than the prison system in Denmark. After watching Prison State, I didn’t really know what the pros were of our prison system. I saw more cons than pros. I was completely shocked by the way that Denmark runs their prison system. The video confused me a bit, so I did some research and found an article that I understood a little bit better about Denmark’s prison system. The US prison system is definitely moreRead MorePrison And The Prison System Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscouragement for humans is through the prison system. Because of this, these humans or inmates, are sentenced to spend a significant part of their life in a confined, small room. With that being said, the prison life can leave a remarkable toll on the inmates life in many different categories. The first and arguably most important comes in the form of mental health. Living in prison with have a great impact on the psychological part of your life. For example, The prison life is a very much different wayRead MoreThe Prison System1048 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Exam Essay Question #2 Question: Discuss the history of the prison system in the United States. Be sure to identify the various stages that the American prison system has gone through. Also identify what problems were present with each stage as you see them. Response: American prison system incarceration was not officially used as the main form of punishment in United States (U.S.) until around the 1800’s. Before that time criminals were mainly punished by public shaming, which involved punishmentsRead MorePrison Authority And The Prison System947 Words   |  4 Pagesprisoners possess zero authority in the prison system. They have no control over any aspect of their daily lives, but instead they are minded by prison jurisdiction. Prison guards and wardens possess the power to do anything that they please within those brick walls. This is an issue that society has been aware of for many decades; however, there has been little to no effort to change the conditions. Many prisoners have sought to inform society of how these prison authority figures abuse their powerRead MoreThe Judicial System And Prison System1594 Words   |  7 Pagesare corrupt, how the police are corrupt, and how America’s whole legal system is uncontrolled. †Å"I was innocent but was still jailed†; â€Å"the cops only targeted me because I was black†; and â€Å"How am I to live after ten years of imprisonment†. There’s a need for a reformation or policy changes in how America handles the judicial system and prison system because, currently, it’s chaotic, unfair, and overwhelming. In the judicial system there have been many cases where people have done the same crime, butRead MoreReforming Prisons : Reforming The Prison System Essay2140 Words   |  9 Pages Reforming our Prison System With the population of the United States prisons growing every day we need to evaluate if they are doing any good. Personally, I believe that we need to keep our prison system, but we need to take steps in reforming them rather than abolish them altogether. The United States has the highest number of incarcerated people than any other country in the world. We must sit down and look at other countries and see what they are doing different than the United States. In thisRead MoreThe Prison System And The Jail System1352 Words   |  6 Pagesbe discussing is about the jail system. First, I will define the jail system, and what this system can do for the citizens. Second address the cons and pros about the jail system by illustrating the topic into main bullet points. Third, voice my thoughts about the jail system with adding pros and cons to a political action I should address, and concluding which action I am going to take to further y concern about the jail system. When hearing abou t the jail system, this is a political issue indeedRead MoreThe Death Of The Prison System1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe prison system has seen huge changes from the American Colonel days to now. At first punishment was a way to inflict pain in suffering onto prisoners. By doing this it set an example to detour crime. Punishment throughout time has changed with the building of prison systems and labor being implemented. Today punishment is carried out much different than in the past. Punishment is way to keep order and discipline throughout society. Punishments focus more now on rehabilitation then it does toRead MoreThe Punishment Of Prison System825 Words   |  4 Pages In principle, prison system plays important role in the society through reforming and punishing offenders sent to prison and preventing potential offenders. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of in prisoners in the US prisons system, because prison is used as the primary corre ction facility for offenders while ensuring justice to offended (Guerino 20). Prisons comprise of offenders who are above the county jail level. Further, inmates comprise of people from differentRead MoreThe Death Of The Prison System956 Words   |  4 Pagesmany sought to revolutionize the system of punishing offenders. Moving from the barbaric practices of the earlier centuries, many governmental officials sought to ride crime through deterrence. Thus the birth of the prison system began. They believed that taking away a person’s freedom was a way to scare offenders into not committing criminal acts. However, with the number of incarcerated offenders increasing yearly, the statistics show that the penal system is a failure. This essay will look

Nobel Prize Winner’s Talk Free Essays

REPORT Nobel Prize Winner’s Talk (A New Kilogram Next Year) Main Speaker: Nobel Laureate Professor Klaus von Klitzing Lecture Topic: â€Å"A New Kilogram Next Year – How my Nobel Prize Contributed to this Development Date: Tuesday 2nd October, 2018 TIME: 6pm VENUE: JFK Lecture Theatre, UWI Immediately upon being invited to the event I was unbelievably excited. It made me feel like this vast world suddenly became smaller and things that seemed unreachable became all the more possible and all the dreams that could ever be dreamt could be truly actualized. Of course getting credit for attending was just a plus, but having such a once in a lifetime opportunity, to hear from one of the Rock stars of the scientific world definitely could not be missed. We will write a custom essay sample on Nobel Prize Winner’s Talk or any similar topic only for you Order Now They say that great leaders once had great mentors and that to be the best, you have to learn from the best. As such, hearing from one of the greatest minds in the world could not be passed. I had to know the secrets of his lifetime adventure. As I proceeded to the JFK Lecture Theatre, the surreal sunset and cool breezes brought an air of expectancy and anticipation. Located outside was a distribution table where we received additional reading resources. Upon receiving them, I walked inside not knowing what lay in the minutes ahead. The seminar, I found out, was hosted by CARISCIENCE (The network of Research and Development Institutions in the Basic Sciences in the Caribbean), in conjunction with the German Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation, The Faculty of Science and Technology of the UWI, the University of Trinidad and Tobago and the University of the Southern Caribbean. This, I believed to be very commendable, having all the collegiate institutions coming together for a common purpose. This should be the goal of every individual, organization and the global community as a whole. The event launched the annual CARISCIENCE Nobel Laureate Lecture Series and this year they invited Noble Laureate Professor Klaus von Klitzing, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1985, for his discovery that under the appropriate conditions the resistance offered by an electrical conductor is quantized; that is, it varies by discrete steps rather than smoothly and continuously. The lecture was moderated by Dr. Richard Taylor, while the opening remarks were given by Professor Dyer Narinesingh; the President of CARISCIENCE. He did elaborate on the goals and vision of the organization which included; a singular Caribbean intellectual space which encourages problem solving and converting knowledge into wealth creation. He also mentioned that they set out to foster collaboration with international affiliates which would expose stakeholders to relevant equipment, methods and technologies and henceforth be a voice for the Caribbean region. He also drew reference to Loreal’s vision : Diversity + Inclusion = Innovation The objectives of the organization seemed relevant and highly necessary to facilitate the ongoing progress being made within the region. To create a competitive, highly innovative, critically minded workforce to create a name and competitive edge for our Caribbean citizenry. He ended with the notion that â€Å"it cannot be business as usual† if we are to continue to harness the potential of young minds in this time. The Welcome Address was then presented by Professor Indar Ramnarine, who encouraged â€Å"impactful research that should reshape the boundaries of your fields.† I found this highly motivating as we seek to be world changers in this age. Not only to occupy space but to make a distinct dent in our respective fields and make full use of the time allotted us, to better humanity. He also stated that, â€Å"It is not only possible to understand the intricacies of the world but also to improve it.† Ah yes, our vision should indeed be: to identify the problem, gauge the solution, implement the solution and continue to improve the solution. The Introduction of the Speaker was performed by Dr. Brian Cockburn, who articulated a summary of the career paths and accomplishments of Professor Klitzing. This only sought to inspire me more on this journey to think bigger and dream larger. As soon as the Nobel Laureate Professor Klaus von Klitzing commandeered the stage, instantly the fires of passion that burnt ever so brightly oh so many years ago, was distinctly evident, burning just as intensely even at this age. This jovial character, was clearly thrilled to be speaking about his life’s work and the opportunities it still presented him today, in being able to visit the Caribbean. I immediately could not help thinking, wow, I hope at the closing end of my life, I still feel such passion, fervor and irradiate such vibrancy about the things that excite my soul. Not only was he surprisingly pleasant but his speaking skills were far from boring, as he carried us on the journey with him through the process of the discovery day, to giving us the information that we could indeed buy ourselves our own Noble Prize, however, in so doing not be privy to the elaborate â€Å"Hogwart-esque† feast they had to attend. It definitely seemed like something out of a storybook. He also mentioned the ages of the new Noble Prize winners for Physics this year, with Arthur Ashkin being 97 years and Gà ©rard Mourou being 76 years. Absolutely incredible! This just proves that age is just a number and that we should never let something like age stop us from achieving our full potential. This is a continuous learning process and Life is indeed the teacher. It demonstrates perseverance, diligence and discipline to the highest degree and there is lot to be learnt from their immense persistence to the task. (#whatisretirement?) As he proceeded to his topic â€Å"A New Kilogram Next Year – How My Noble Prize Contributed to this Development†, he explained how the initial constant was acquired. The Kilogram (kg), the basic unit off mass in the metric system and was considered equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram, a platinum-iridium cylinder (Big K), kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures laboratory at Sà ¨vres, France. The accuracy of every measurement of mass or weight worldwide, whether in pounds and ounces or milligrams and metric tons, depends on how closely the reference masses used in those measurements can be linked to the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK). The most minuscule of accuracy discrepancies would have tremendous impact in fields such as medicine, engineering and electronics, which are dependent on precise measurements. Consequently, it effects other phenomena like force, energy and luminous energy, which use it as fundamental building blocks for measurement. It has been identified that the cylinder is indeed changing in measurement due to gas initially used in its creation and is now slowly seeping out of the cylinder, consequently changing its dimensions making it an unreliable standard for measurement. To facilitate this, a drastic change had to be made and as such in November 2018, the international scientific community plans to redefine the kilogram by basing it instead on a constant of nature, making it a profound moment in the history of measurement. Thus, since the kilogram remains the only SI unit represented by an unstable artifact, the redefinition included expressing the kilogram in terms of Planck’s constant, which would aid in avoiding future problems. Firstly, physicists required an accurate measure of Planck’s constant which is the quantum-mechanical number that relates how a particle’s energy relates to its frequency and through E = mc^2, to its mass. Thus once a fixed value is achieved to Planck’s constant, a new definition of the kilogram can be derived. In order to measure Planck’s constant precisely, two experiments are being conducted. One known as the Avogadro Project, involves counting the number of atoms in two spheres of silicon that each have the same weight as the Big K. Having obtained this number, the precise number of atoms comprising a particular substance, researchers can calculate Avogadro’s constant, convert it for a value for Planck’s constant and relate the kilogram to atomic mass. The second experiment uses an instrument called a watt (or Kibble) balance, which is a type of scale, that produces a value for Planck’s constant by measuring a one-kilogram test mass, which is calibrated by using Big K, against electromagnetic forces. Planck’s constant is proportional to the amount of electromagnetic energy required to balance the mass. Two differing universal constants are used in order to calculate the current and voltage that make up the electromagnetic force. The Josephson constant and von Klitzing constant are used. (Yes I got to meet one of the only two living remaining constants!!! I felt truly blessed.) The discovery of the von Klitzing constant, is part of the Quantum Hall Effect, which earned Professor von Klitzing, his Nobel Prize. While he worked at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, experiments conducted led to observations of the effect of magnetic fields applied to semiconductors allowed to cool to extremely low temperatures. This led to the discovery that electrical resistance rose stepwise, rather than smoothly and continuously, indicating an integer fraction of a specific number, 25,812.807 ohms, now identified as the von Klitzing constant. Thus, the Quantum Hall Effect is now used worldwide for calibrating electrical resistances and the von Klitzing constant is utilized by the scientific community to measure current in a watt balance. Essentially, the fundamental constants can aid in establishing possible units that can retain their significance for lifetimes and species to come, through the Quantum Hall Effect. Additionally, we were rest assured that the new kilogram will be defined in such a way that nothing will change in our daily life. It will be indeed more stable and more universal. Granted that as Henry Marks stated, â€Å"Science is measurement. Everything you measure is expressed in units,† this was definitely a plus. He continued by explaining who decides the best definition of the SI Unit, which comprises of diplomats from sixty member states and forty-four associate states, at the General Conference on Weights and Measurements. The most recent having occurred in August 2018, based discussions to adapt a resolution that would replace the current SI, with the revised SI, provided the amount of data uncertainties pertaining to the current standard. The precondition for the new kilogram must be reliable, as well as have an uncertainty smaller than fifty micrometers. This stipulation was fulfilled in July 2017, and as such would be finalized at the next conference which is to take place in November 2018. Finally, he noted that the best values of fundamental constants, (h, e, c Kb, Na) creates the most stable basis for the new system of units and hopefully by the next General Conference on Weights and Measures in November 2018, will be the replacement for the present SI System. The Professor, was also sure to reinforce the need as scientists to question continuously. Question nature and the way things work. Question the problems posed to you. Question what you understand and what you want to solve. He emphasized the need to always stay curious and always gain inspiration from other subject matter, which would bring new perspectives and ideas to trains of thought. He also asked several questions that he left up to us to solve. They included: Are fundamental constants really constant? How do they change due to cosmic radiation, global warming, with time? Are there other fundamental constants in the universe? What happens if you combine other fundamental constants? (with regard to velocity of sound/gases and temperature) What impact does the Quantum Hall Effect have on living cells? Opinion of the role and future of physics in life Physics is the cornerstone of life and everything surrounding it. Every basic principle rests on the foundation of Physics (of course this is me being highly biased). It involves the study of matter, energy and their interactions and other sciences are dependent on its theories to further develop their own and improve the quality of life. I do believe we have the upper hand as physicists and a greater responsibility to society to find answers to the most fundamental questions in life. To explain why the world work as it does and to provide adequate, substantial, mathematically correct evidence to question the bases of such thought. Physicists perceive beyond the normal realm and consider factors outside regular streams of thinking and are then conditioned to think outside the non-existent box. This will prove ideal to the future of Physics in this society, as we break down to the fundamental backbone of structures and understand how they function, how they can be improved and how they can be manipulated by variables. This skill is essential for countless applications and is necessary for continued development in any sector. Technological advances can occur due to the discovery of new particles, forces and structures in the subatomic world. There would also be enhanced computational and calculation power causing extraordinary leaps and bounds unfathomable before. With this would also bring the onslaught of artificial intelligence integrated lifestyles to the common man, allowing multipurpose use. Not to mention the development of quantum artificial intelligence if large-scale computing is actualized. Vast use of computers and electronics would lead to even more advanced medical breakthroughs with prosthetics, which would enhance the human experience and even possible come to define consciousness in terms of nature’s fundamental forces. Additionally with the exponential advancement in space technology, conditioning for studying and visiting the cosmos would seem closer to realization, even as space transport is made more readily accessible. Physics is indeed a driving force into a very futuristic ideal, expanding space and time, and blazing the trail for the reorientation of the human mind. Cheers to the future of Physics! How to cite Nobel Prize Winner’s Talk, Papers

Enthalpy Changes in Simple Processes free essay sample

The primary objective of this lab is to be able to determine the specific heat of a reaction by using a calorimeter. A calorimeter is a device used to determine the specific heat of chemical reaction or a physical change. The specific heat a reactions is used to refer to the amount of heat that is lost or gained when one gram of a particular substance increases or decreases by one degree Celsius. When a chemical reaction occurs in an open container most of the energy gained or lost is in the form of heat. Almost no work is done (i. e. nothing is being moved). Heat flows between the system and surroundings until the two are at the same temperature, when a chemical reaction occurs in which the system absorbs heat, the process is endothermic (it feels cold). When a chemical reaction occurs in which the system produces heat it is exothermic (it feels hot) Under conditions of constant pressure the heat absorbed or released is termed enthalpy (or heat content). We do not measure enthalpy directly, rather we are concerned about the heat added or lost by the system, which is the change in enthalpy (or ? H The quantity of heat gained or lost by a system, ? H, is dependent upon, the mass, m, of the system: the more massive an object the more heat needed to raise its temperature, the change in temperature, (? T): the larger the temperature change in a system the more heat exchanged, and the nature of the substance(s) making up the system. The last quantity is defined by the heat capacity of the system. For a given substance, the specific heat capacity is defined as the quantity of heat needed to raise 1 gram of the substance by 1 degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity has units of joules per degree Celcius per gram, J. g-1.? C-1. The three quantities combine to give the quantity of heat gained, or lost, by a system: ? H = mass x Specific heat capacity x ? T ?T represents the difference between the enthalpy of the system at the beginning of the reaction compared to what it is at the end of the reaction: ? T = Tfinal Tinitial We are considering the enthalpic state of the system. If the temperature has higher enthalpy at the end of the reaction then the initial, then it absorbed heat from the surroundings (endothermic reaction). If the temperature has a lower enthalpy at the end of the reaction then the nitial, then it gave off heat during the reaction (exothermic reaction) I. Determining the specific heat capacity of a metal Fill a 1 L beaker with 900mL of water and place on a hot plate and bring to a boil. Then weigh out 31. 00-34. 00g of Mossy Tin and measure to the nearest 0. 01 g. Put the mossy tin in a large test tube, and insert a thermometer into the center of the tin. When water is boiling, place the t est tube in the boiling water clamping it so that the test tube is not touching the beaker and make the sure water level outside the test tube is higher than the top of the metal inside the test tube. Let the test tube of tin stay in the boiling water for 15 minutes. While waiting for the tin to be heated get the mass of a Styrofoam cup and pour 50 ml of water into it. Then measure the mass of water in the cup by assuming the density of water is 1. 0 g/ml. When the tin has been in the boiling water for 15 minutes, record the temperature of the tin, and using a separate thermometer record the temperature of the water in the cup, the temperature will be the initial temperatures. Quickly pour the hot metal into the water in the styrofoam cup. Stir the mixture, then observe the rise in temperature of the water in the cup. When the temperature stops rising, record the temperature and those are the final temperature of both the water and the tin. Then with the givin infromation determine the specific heat capacity of tin. II. Determining the Enthalpy of solution of a salt. Get the mass of a Styrofoam cup and pour 30 ml of water into it. Then measure the mass of water in the cup by assuming the density of water is 1. 0 g/ml, this will be the calorimeter. The measure out between 1. 5 to 2. 0 grams ammonium nitrate, NH? NO? , to the nearest 0. 01 g. Before adding the ammonium nitrate, measure the temperature of the water in the coffee cup and record the temperature, then add the ammonium nitrate to the water and stir gently with the thermometer. Watch the change in temperature and when the temperature is done change record this temperature as the final temperature. Dispose down sink. III Enthalpy of Neutralization of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base Pour 20 ml of 1. 0 M HCl into a Styrofoam cup and then add 5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Pour 20. 0 ml of 1. 1 M NaOH into a small beaker. Make sure the temperature of the two solutions are equal. If they are not, put the beaker of NaOH in hot or cold water to raise or lower its temperature. These are the initial temperatures. Mix the NaOH solution into the HCl solution, pouring the NaOH into the HCl in the cup. Stir gently with the thermometer, and watch the temperature, when is stops changing this is the final temperature, record. Dispose down sink. IV. Enthalpy of Neutralization of a Weak Acid and a Weak Base Take a Styrofoam coffee cup and pour 20 ml of 1. 0 M HC? H? O? into it. Add 5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator allowing visual verification of neutralization of the acid to be done. Then put 20. 0 ml of 1. 1 M NH? OH into a small beaker. Make sure the temperature of the two solutions are equal. If they are not, put the beaker of NH? OH in hot or cold water to raise or lower its temperature. These are the initial temperature of each solution. Mix the NH? OH solution into the HC? H? O? solution, pouring the NH? OH into the HC? H? O? in the cup. Stir gently with the thermometer, and watch the temperature, when is stops changing this is the final temperature, record. Dispose down sink. V. Enthalpy of Solution of a Gas: Hess’s Law Under the fume hood for 100 ml of concentrated ammonia solution into the gas generating bottle. Measure out 100 ml of 1. 00 M hydrochloric acid using a graduated cylinder to, and then pour the hydrochloric acid into a large Styrofoam cup then add 2 – 3 drops of methyl red indicator to the acid. Assemble the apparatus as shown in the lab manual. Make the correct connections to the bottle of ammonia. The compressed air must be connected to the tube that is submerged in the ammonia solution. Record the initial temperatures of the hydrochloric acid, and the ammonia solution. Turning on the air slowly, bubble compressed air at a reasonable rate through the ammonia solution. The compressed air containing ammonia gas is bubbled through the hydrochloric acid. When the methyl red indicator in the acid changes color, turn off the compressed air,and record the temperature of the ammonia solution and the neutralized hydrochloric acid solution. Dispose of solutions properly. Data, Results, and Calculations Data, results, and calculations can be found on the data sheets attached to the lab report, along with a graph of the class data verifying the Law of DuLong and Petit. Discussion Determining the specific heat capacity of a metal- For the first procedure we were assigned mossy 10, the initial mass of the water in the Styrofoam cup was 52. 689g, the mass of the metal 34. 00g, the final temp of the water and metal was 26? C, the initial temp of the water was 23. 5 ? C, The initial temp of the metal was 93. 5? C, ? T Water 2. 5? C, and ? T 67. 5? C, There are a few things that I would say surprised me in this experiment first one being that the initial temp of the metal was 93. 5 ? C. Usually this is a result of a extremely high temperature metal that would have already been heated, however, after checking my equipment I found that the temperature on this metal was correct. After doing the calculations for this experiment to determine the Law of Dulong and Petit, the Specific heat of the metal was 0. 240? C and I found out how to get this by calculating the atomic mass X specific heat + 24. 9. mol^-1, C^-1. Another interesting aspect to this experiment is that it created an endothermic reaction and heated up the water. Determining the Enthalpy of solution of salt- The first step in the process is determining the mass of the water in the cup which was 29. 55g, then finding he final temp of the water +NH? NO? which was 20? C, finding the initial temp of the water which was 24. 5? C then the ? T of the water which was -4. 5? C, once again there were a few things I found interesting about this lab. First was how to calculate the dissolution of ammonium nitrate, and how this process varies from the first one. In the end of the lab the final result was that the ? H Dissolution of NH4NO4 = 555. 84J. This also means that this created an exothermic reaction, which ultimately cooled the water, and this was something that I also was not expecting once mixing water and NH4NO3 together. Enthalpy of Neutralization of a strong acid with a strong base- Starting with the total mass which was 40. 240g, final temp of 30. 0? C and the initial temp of both solutions of 23. 5? C and the final ? T of the water being 6. 5? C, There are a few things that I did not expect from this part of the lab, first was the color change of the phenolphatalein indicator that changed to a bright pink color from a clear once the two chemicals were mixed together. Another thing that interested me was how we determined the neutralization of these chemicals, I would have figured PH paper to determine if the two chemicals equaled out, however, the need for math exists to determine how they balanced regardless of the PH paper. In this case as well it seemed from the paper that the two chemicals should have split the H and O molecules in order to make H2O and leave Cl and Na separate, however, it was difficult to determine if this actually happened just by looking at the mixture of chemicals. Fortunately with the mathematics and the formulas given to us it was rather interesting to find out that they did indeed neutralize resulting in ? H neutralization= -1093. 32 J and ? H neutralization per mole of H? O formed of -54. 66 kJ/mol. Enthalpy of neutralizing of a weak acid and a weak base- In this part of the lab I don’t think that the ending was as surprising as the last few were, or perhaps it is because they were not as exciting as the other ones were. None the less, in this particular lab we observed a few different things that happened which helped us determine that the difference between strong acids and strong bases were not all that different. In this one the total mass of the solution was 38. 13g, final temp was 28. 6? C and the initial temp was 23. 0? C and the ? T of the water was 5. 6? C once again we find that an exothermic reaction occurred cooling the temperature of the solution. Another thing that was added to the solutions which enabled us to see what was happening was the phenolphyhalein indicator, and in this experiment it changed to a light pink color during the change in temperature. Over all it was interesting to see what happened, however, because of how the weak base and weak acid sounded it did not make this experiment seem as interesting as the strong base and strong acid sounded. Enthalpy of solution of a gas: Hess’s Law- Just by looking at this experiment I figured that we would get some kind of off gassing when the two chemicals mixed or merged together. This experiment took several times to do over again because we acquired the incorrect ammonia the first two times, not producing the proper results in the end. Of course with this experiment having a few steps it also made it slightly complicated to get the end result, however, it finally worked out in the end. The mass of the solution was 87. 321g, the final temp of the solution in the bottle was 12. 1? C the initial temp of the solution in the bottle was 18. 2? C and the ? T solution in the bottle was -6. 1? C. Over all the molar ? H was 33kJ/mol which helped us determine the rest of the calculations on down the line. Moreover, it was interesting to see how many steps it took to complete this part of the lab as well as the time involved to see it all the way to the conclusion of the lab. Error analysis In this lab it was rather difficult to miss some of the steps, however, there was one particular lab that we did which gave us trouble, experiment V in which we were to use Ammonia in order to notice change in the cup with the hydrochloric acid can give you different results if the incorrect ammonia is used in the process. I know this first hand because we used the incorrect ammonia in this lab, resulting in us having to do this part over a few times. Other inconsistencies may exist with the lab paperwork resulting in the incorrect calculations, or a few of the numbers being slightly off, however, it is difficult to tell how far I am off on the calculations without having the answers present. After I see the results for the lab, I will better know how much more or little there is in the way of any further error analysis. Another error would be in the graph due to classmate getting incorrect number or not enough for their data. The graphs slope is off due to class data not being close enough to the specific heat of their metal. The slope was suppose to be 24. 9 and I got a slope of 18. 35 from the class data.